1. Introduction to Cell Biology
Introduction.
Discovery of Cell
Emergence of Modern Cell Biology.
Cytology and Other Biological Sciences.

2. Organization of Cell.
Introduction.
History of Cell
Cell Theory.
Cell as a Self-Contained or Autonomous Body.
Cellular Totipotency.
Diversity in Size and Shape of Cells
Types of Cells.
1. Prokaryotic Cells or Prokaryons Bacterial Cell, Cyanobacteria, Pleuropneumonia-like Organism.
2. Eukaryotic Cells or Eukaryons.
Viruses : An Exception to Cell Structure.
Viroids and Prions.

3. Chemistry of Living Matter—The Protoplasm.
Protoplasm
Cellular Pool.
Biomolecules.
I. Water.
II. Inorganic Substances.
III. Organic Molecules.
1. Carbohydrates.
2. Lipids.
3. Proteins.
4. Nucleic Acids.
Watson and Crick’s Model of DNA (Molecular Structure of DNA).
5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA).
6. Enzymes.
Holoenzymes and Apoenzymes.
Isozymes.
7. Vitamins.
Regulatory Substances.
Prostaglandins.

4. Cell Membrane.
Biomembranes.
Ultrastructure of Biomembranes.
Significance of Biomembranes.
Plasma Membrane.
Ultrastructure.
Chemical Composition.
Evolution of Molecular Structure (Models of Plasma Membrane).
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane.
Membrane Asymmetry.
Fluidity of Plasma Membrane.
Cell Coat
Biogenesis or Origin of Plasma Membrane.
Functions of Plasma Membrane

5. Membrane Functions: Cell Adhesion and Cell Junctions.
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) Cadherins, Integrins, Selectins
Immunoglobulins
Cell Junctions.
Desmosomes or Macula Adherens.
Belt Desomosomes or Zonula Adherens, Tight Junctions
or Zonula Occuludens Gap Junctions (Nexus).

6. Transport Across Cell Membrane.
Permeability and transport
Transport Across Plasma Membrane.
1. Osmosis.
2. Passive Transport.
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion.
3. Active Transport.
4. Transport of Ions
5. Transport of Large Molecules
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7. Cell Walls.
Cell Walls.
Bacterial Cell Wall.
Fungal Cell Wall.
Plant Cell Wall.
Functions of Cell Wall.

8. Cytoskeleton.
Cytoskeleton.
1. Microfilaments.
2. Intermediate Filaments (IFs).
3. Microtubules.
Motor Proteins or Molecular Motors.

9. Cell Signaling
Steps of Cell Signaling.
Significance of Cell Signaling
Modes of Cell Signaling.
Signaling Molecules
Cell Surface Receptors
Pathways of Intracellular Signal Transduction

10. Endomembrane System
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Annulate Lamellae.
Inter-relations of the Cell Membranes.
Microsomes.

11. Golgi Complex.
History.
Occurrence of Golgi Complex.
Morphology of Golgi Complex.
Membrane Flow in Golgi Complex.
Membrane Recycling.
Origin of Golgi Complex.
Functions of Golgi Complex.

12. Microbodies : Lysosomes, Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes.
Lysosomes (The Suicide Bags of Cell).
Peroxisomes.
Glyoxysomes
Lysosomes in Plants
Spherosomes, Aleurone Grains, Vacuoles
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13. Vesicular Transport.
Vesicular Transport.
Endocytic and Secretory Pathways.
Protein Sorting and Vesicular Traffic from ER to Golgi.
Transport from Trans Golgi Network
Types of Secretory Pathways.

14. Cellular Energy Transections.
Cell and Energy.
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.
Concept of Free Energy.
Energy Flow and Laws of Thermodynamics
Energy Transformation in Living Systems.
Adensosine Triphosphate.

15. Mitochondria
Ultrastructure of Mitochondria.
Electron Transport System (ETS) or Respiratory Chain
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial RNA.
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria
Semiautonomous Nature of Mictochondria (Symbiont Hypothesis).
Biogenesis of Mitochondria.
Degeneration of Mitochondria.
Functions of Mitochondria

16. Cellular Respiration and Energy Production.
Cellular Respiration
Respiratory Substrate.
Types of Cellular Respiration.
Mechanism of Respiration.
Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH.
Some Other Pathways of Glucose Metabolism.
Differences Between EMP, PPP and ED Pathways.
Glyoxylate Cycle.

17. Plastids
Classification of Plastids.
Origin and Development of Plastids.
Functions of Plastids.
Chloroplasts.
The Photosynthetic Apparatus.
Mechanism of Photosynthesis.
Necessity of Two Photosystems.
Other Pathways of Fixation
Chloroplasts as Semiautonomous Organoids.
Symbiotic Origin of Chloroplasts.

18. Ribosomes.
Ultrastructure of Ribosomes.
Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Ribosomes, Ribosomal Proteins
Biogenesis of Ribosomes.

19. Centriole and Cell Centre.
Ultrastructure.
Associated Structures of Centrioles.
Chemical Composition of Centrioles
Functions

20. Extra-Cellular Structures.
Cilia, Flagella and Basal Bodies.
Ultrastructure.
Basal Bodies.

21. Interphase Nucleus.
Structure of Interphase Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope.
2. Nucleoplasm or Nuclear Matrix
3. Nucleolus.
4. Chromatin or Nuclear Recticulum.
Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.

22. Chromosomes.
What are Chromosomes?.
Viral Chromosomes
Prokaryotic Genome.
Mitochondrial Chromosome.
ukaryotic Chromosomes.
Different Regions Recognized in Chromosomes
Molecular Organisation of Chromosomes.
Special Types of Chromosomes:
1. Lampbrush Chromosomes.
2. Polytene Chromosomes.
Physiology of Chromosomes.

23. Cell Division.
Cell Cycle.
Check Points in Cell Cycle.
Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF).
Cell Division.
1. Amitosis.
2. Mitosis.
Energetics of Cell Division.
Meiosis
I. Heterotypic Division (Reduction Division)
II. Homeotypic Division
Salient Features of Meiosis
Synapsis in Chromosomes.

24. Cell Growth, Cellular Ageing or Senescence and Cell Death
Cell Growth.
Growth in Unicellular Organisms.
Growth in Multicellular Organisms.
Mechanism of Cell Growth.
Cell Types Based on Different Growth Patterns.
Cellular Ageing or Senescence.
Pace of Cellular Ageing.
Changes During Ageing.
Theories to Explain Cell Senescence.
Regulation of Size of Cell

25. Cancer
What is Cancer?.
Types of Cancers.
Characteristics of Malignant Tumours.
Characteristics of Cancer Cells.
Causes of Carcinogenesis.
Theories of Caroinogenesis

26. Microscopy
Tools to Study Biology
Microscopy.
Light Microscope.
Phase Constrast Microscope.
Differential Interference Microscopy
Polarisation Microscope
Ultraviolet Microscope.
Fluorescent Microscopy.
Spectrophotometry.
Electron Microscope.
Principle
Types
Working of TEM
Working of SEM
Preparation of Material for Electron Microscope
X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy : Special Features.

27. Cytochemical Techniques.
Cytological Study of Preserved Cells
Fixation.
Embedding.
Sectioning.
Staining.
Morphological and Cytochemical Stains.

28. Cell Separation and Cell Fractionation by
Centrifugation Flow Cytometry.
Cell Fractionation
Tissue Homogenisation.
Centrifugation.
Density Gradient Centrifugation.
Types of Centrifugation.
Ultracentrifugation.
Centrifugal Elutriation.
Flow Cytometry.

29. Molecular Separation by Chromatography.
Chromatography.
Principle of Chromatography.
Applications of Chromatography.
Types of Chromatography.
Column Chromatography.
Partition Chromatography
Paper Chromatography.
Gas Chromatography.
Thin Layer Chromatography.
Gel Filtration Chromatography.
Ion Exchange Chromatography